2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语(二)试题
SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
Weighing yourself regularly is a
wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when
done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .
As for me, weighing myself every
day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically
active to focusing 3 on
the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the
form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the
number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I
needed to train to 5 my
goals. I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in
the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in
weight 7 altering
your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level,
strength and inches lost.
For these 9 ,
I stopped weighing myself every day and
switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 .
Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my
weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me
whether I need to 13 my training program.
I also use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well.
If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my
daily caloric intake.
The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done
wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing
increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced
greater success in the achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, instead
of numbers on a scale.
Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you
look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.
1. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides
2. A. cares B. warns C. reduces D. helps
3. A. solely B. occasionally C. formally D. initially
4. A. lowering B. explaining C. accepting D. recording
5. A. set B. review C. reach D. modify
6. A. depiction B. distribution C. prediction D. definition
7. A. regardless of B. aside from C. along with D. due to
8. A. rigid B. precise C. immediate D. orderly
9. A. judgments B. reasons C. methods D. claims
10. A. though B. again C. indeed D. instead
11. A. track B. overlook C.
conceal D. report
12. A. approval of B. hold onto C. account for D. depend on
13. A. Share B. adjust C. confirm D. prepare
14. A. Features B. rules C. tests D. results
15. A. anxious B. hungry C. sick D. bored
16. A. secret B. belief C. sign D. principle
17. A. necessity B. decision C. wish D. request
18. A. surprising B. restricting C. consuming D.
disappointing
19. A. because B. unless C. until D. if
20. A. dominating B.
puzzling C. triumphing D. obsessing
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four
texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40
points)
Text 1
Unlike so-called basic emotions
such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction
with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born
knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such
statements appease parents and friends – and their own consciences. This is why
researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be
a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of
course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the
emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this
understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking
about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a
researcher at the university of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a
larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be
advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for
example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much
happiness can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to
think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for
errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a
cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is
an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of
Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a
number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may
represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low
in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which
can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can
substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example,
Malti and others looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the
children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level
and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.
Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to
share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they
shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The
guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more
sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says.
“We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused
harm and we feel regret.”
21. Researchers think that guilt
can be a good thing because it may help______.
A. regulate a child’s basic
emotions
B. improve a child’s
intellectual ability
C. intensify a child’s positive
feelings
D. foster a child’s moral
development
22. According to Paragraph 2,
many people still consider guilt to be _____.
A. deceptive
B. addictive
C. burdensome
D. inexcusable
23. Vaish holds that the
rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that_____.
A. an emotion can play opposing
roles
B. emotions are socially
constructive
C. emotional stability can
benefit health
D. emotions are context
-independent
24. Malti and others have shown
that cooperation and sharing_____.
A. may help correct emotional
deficiencies
B. can bring about emotional
satisfaction
C. can result from either
sympathy or guilt
D. may be the outcome of
impulsive acts
25. The word “transgressions”
(line4 para5) is closest in meaning to________.
A. wrongdoings
B. discussions
C. restrictions
D. teachings
Text
2
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder
challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on
forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening
their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave
us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap -- but it
involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable
"carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their
capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so
many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double
efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This
temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a
greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the
forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better
able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even
in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.
Already, since 2010, drought and insects
have killed more than 100
million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned
hundreds of thousands of acres.
California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year
by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 -- financed from the proceeds of the state's
emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that
could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to
prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody
material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or
burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New
research in transportation biofuels is already under way.
State governments are well accustomed to managing
forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildfire, watersheds and
opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital
part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is
expected to be finalized by the government next year, should serve as a model.
26. By saying “one of the harder
challenges,” the author implies that .
A. forests may become a
potential threat
B. people may misunderstand
global warming
C. extreme weather conditions
may arise
D. global climate change may get
out of control
27. To maintain forests as
valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to ____.
A. lower their present
carbon-absorbing capacity
B. strike a balance among
different plants
C. accelerate the growth of
young trees
D. preserve the diversity of
species in them
28. California’s Forest Carbon
Plan endeavors to ____.
A. cultivate more
drought-resistant trees
B. find more effective ways to
kill insects
C. reduce the density of some of
its forests
D. restore its forests quickly
after wildfires
29. What is essential to
California’s plan according to paragraph 5?
A. To carry it out before the
year of 2020
B. To handle the areas in
serious danger first
C. To perfect the emissions-permit
auctions
D. To obtain enough financial
support
30. The author’s attitude to
California’s plan can best be described as .
A. ambiguous
B. tolerant
C. cautious
D. supportive
Text 3
American farmers have been
complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop
without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstructed
efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that
would let foreign workers stay longer in the US,and the change jobs within the
industry. If this doesn’t
change,American business,communities and
consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers
are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the
agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still
predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than
migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At
the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of
35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated
cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along:
Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
Mechanization is not the answer, either—not yet at least. Production
of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many
high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy
farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way
to go before they are automated.
As a result, farms have grown
increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the
gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012,
requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas
issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,
unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t alloted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome,
expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A
workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is
compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive
others underground.
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of
tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said
they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to
Mexico. In 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later,
the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.
In effect, the U.S. can import food
or it can import the workers who pick it.
31.
What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
A.
Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
B.
Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
C.
Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
D.
Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
32.
One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is_____.
A.
the rising number of illegal immigrants
B.
the high mobility of crop workers
C.
the lack of experienced laborers
D.
the aging of immigrant farm workers
33.
What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
A.
To attract younger laborers to farm work.
B.
To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
C.
To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
D.
To strengthen financial support for farmers.
34.
Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its_____.
A.
slow granting procedures
B.
limit on duration of stay
C.
tightened requirements
D.
control of annual admissions
35.
Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
A.
U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
B.
Import Food or Labor?
C.
America Saved by Mexico?
D.
Manpower vs Automation?
Text 4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:
It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a
new video for World Environment Day--encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out
your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do
include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.
But the overarching message is directed at individuals.
My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited
sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the
grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,
will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful,
satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing
onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of "moral
licensing" that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more
of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward
it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of
power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably,
rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to
account to push for real systemic change.
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s
priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest
book, Why Could People Do Bad
Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. De Sombre argues that the best way to
collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change
to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost
to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics
altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic
in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better
environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as
trash disposal.
De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.
It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only,
or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting
things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive
policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for
change.
36. Some celebrities stare in a new video to
.
A. demand new laws on the use of plastics
B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may .
A. mislead us into doing worthless things
B. prevent us from making further efforts
C. weaken our sense of accomplishment
D. suppress our desire for success
38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens," the author indicates
that .
A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare
B. our relationship with local industries is improving
C. we have been actively exercising our civil rights
D. We should press our governments to lead the combat
39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be .
A. a win-win arrangement
B. a self-driven mechanism
C. a cost- effective approach
D. a top down process
40. The author concludes that individual efforts .
A. can be too aggressive
B. are far from sufficient
C. can be too inconsistent
D. are far from rational
Part B
Directions: you are going to read a list of headings
and a text; choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each
numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra choices in the right column.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
How seriously should
parents take kids’ opinions when searching for a home?
In choosing a new home,
Camille Mcclain’s kids have a single demand: a back yard.
Mcclain’s little ones
aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing and in many
cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions,
according to a 2018 Harris poll survey of more than 2000 U.S. adults.
While more families
buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kid in the dark about real estate decisions,
realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal
and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.
The idea of involving
children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a
sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan
Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
“Children may face
serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes
them from their current school or support system,” he said.
Greg Jaroszewski, a
real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates said he’s not convinced
that kids should be involved in selecting a home-but their opinions should be
considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.
Younger children should
feel like they’re choosing their home without actually getting a choice in the
matter, said Adam Bailey, real estate attorney based in New York.
Asking them questions
about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel
like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of
homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real
estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on
their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
“Speaking with children
before you make a real estate decision is wise. But I wouldn’t base the
purchasing decision solely on their opinions,” Hampson said.
The other issue is that
many children--especially older ones--may base their real estate knowledge on
KGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.
“They love chip and Joana
Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed
how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that
mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and
the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said. Parents need to remind
their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie
Gumer, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.
“Their opinions can
change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should
likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them
with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best — and give
them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
This advice is more
relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas
of their children, despite the current housing crunch.
|
A.
notes that aspects like children´s friends and social activities should be
considered upon homebuying.
|
41.
Ryan Hopper
|
B.
believes that homebuying should be based on children´s needs rather than
their opinions.
|
42.
Adam Bailey
|
C.
assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
|
43.Tracey
Hampson
|
D.
remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
|
44.
Aaron Norris
|
E.
says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
|
45.
Julie Gurner
|
F.
advises that home purchase should not be based only on children’s opinions.
|
|
G. thinks that children should be
given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
|
Section III Translation
46.
Directions:
Translate the following text into
Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
It is easy to underestimate English writer James
Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that you might think that
anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write
a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said. Not so easily done. James
Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of
writing, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously
had an abundance of natural talent, the final polished work that he has shown to
the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like
the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections
along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.
Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the
literacy field was no exception.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose Professor Smith asked you
to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to
-
suggest
a specific topic with your reasons, and
-
tell
him about your arrangements
You should write
about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write
your address. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your
writing, you should
1)interpret the chart, and
2)give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语(二)试题答案
SectionⅠ Use of English
1-5 CDAAC
6-10 ADCBD
11-15 ACBDB
16-20 CBDAD
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21-25 DCACA
26-30 AACBD
31-35 CDBAB
36-40 BBDDB
Part B
41-45 DGFCB
|